KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This practice goes back to the ApolloSoyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. [61] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. [158] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. "Did you eat the cookie?) [253] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. [44], The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [436] However, since 2020, due to excessive deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in history. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. Military intervention in the post-soviet states include a war with Georgia in 2008, and the invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. [412], In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. [54], In Latvia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. [269], Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. [185] Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an authoritarian state. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies. For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. [21] The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. [648][649] However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.[650]. ? [473] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. The Russian perspective. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. [433] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[434] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. 1. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. . [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. [536] In the 17th-century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1680s. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, and has the fifth-highest military expenditure. [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. [162] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. [215] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). [245][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. ", Iliev, Iv. [292] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. The United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with The gradual but steady emergence of the Grand Principality of Moscow (12631547) later the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 as the dominant and ever-expanding polity of the Rus', necessitated the earliest attempts at standardization of the East Slavic language based on the Moscow dialect. Great ranges of temperature are typical. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. [623] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. [219][220] The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8km (2.4mi) apart;[221] and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely 20km (12.4mi) from Hokkaido, Japan. [108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. , ", "Article 16. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. 2 mins. [293], Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. [64], In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. Russian is also spoken in Israel. [51] The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. [326][327] Chechens and Ingush in Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. Available for over a year. [565] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. [270] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. [44], Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. [413] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon. 1. Learn how and when to remove this template message, seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers, Geographical distribution of Russian speakers, seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of official languages by institution, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Organization for Standardization, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language, "The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. 1. [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [372] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [23], The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. . . On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. [236] Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still onsidered intact forest; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [178] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. 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